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“Thirty-one degrees [89 F] three hours before dawn, and not a breath of cooler air anywhere in the city. Even the moon, shining perfectly round and white overhead, seemed to give out heat. During the day there were distractions but at night, in those long dead hours between midnight and dawn when by rights the world should be cooling, the heat bore down like a weight…”

During the one week in August in which the action in this novel takes place, the city of Florence is almost claustrophobic with the heat, with temperatures over a hundred degrees (Fahrenheit), paralyzing the city during the day, with no respite at night. Many residents have decamped for the hills or the ocean to escape, and those who remain behind, usually without air conditioning, must simply add the day’s heat to the other aspects of life which they must endure, even in a city as beautiful as this one. In a welcome change from the darkly violent noir novels which have been so popular among mystery aficionados in recent years, author Christobel Kent uses this setting to create a character-based “summer mystery,” focusing on several groups of characters as they cope with the summer heat and with a mystery which the author presents through their eyes. The novel is effectively plotted, with plenty of excitement, but it develops as the outcome of the characters’ actions and their thoughts as they deal with a disappearance and the eventual determination of murder, rather than through author-initiated violent twists, turns, and fast-paced dramatic action in which the characters are pawns of the author. The unique characters reflect many different aspects of life in a realistically depicted Florence, not the Florence to which tourists flock on competitive shopping sprees. As in any other city, crime does exist here. Murders and disappearances do take place, and innocent people are often tormented by the impact of these crimes on their lives. The heat just adds to the intensity.

With four stand-alone novels and three written as part of the Sandro Cellini series, of which this is the third, author Christobel Kent shows her long literary experience, creating a can’t-put-it-downer which is so smooth that the reader is swept along, yielding to the tide of events and to the charm of the many characters while also being engrossed and actively involved trying to figure out who has committed the dastardly deed of murder.

The novel opens with the discovery of a man’s body which has been lying off the road for two days, almost totally hidden. While it could have been a suicide by someone who has deliberately walked into traffic, the damage to the body is so extensive and its location is so hidden that it is obvious to Sandro Cellini, a former officer with the Polizia dello Stato, now a private investigator, that this is a murder case. Cellini is representing a young pregnant woman whose fiancé is missing. Since her fiance has been working on an apartment for them and the baby, she is sure that he would never have left her voluntarily. Soon several other sets of characters, all concerned about the identity of the same body, become part of the milieu. Kent has a cast of characters who keep the interest high as Sandro Cellini, unassociated with the police (except through his former buddy Pietro, with whom he meets privately) investigates on behalf of his penniless client and others with whom he shares a warm, even paternal relationship.

Santa Croce, Dante statue

Santa Croce, with the statue of Dante Alighieri

Three levels of characters include Sandro Cellini and his wife Luisa, married many years and still devastated by the loss of their only child, after only a day and a half of life. Luisa, who has worked for years for a fashion boutique, has also suffered from breast cancer, and she is hoping that they will soon be able to move from their neighborhood into a larger apartment in a different, safer neighborhood. They are mentors to Guili, a woman in her early forties who has been a drug addict and ex-con and who is now working part-time for Sandro as a receptionist/secretary and part-time for a women’s center. She is the person who has introduced Sandro to his penniless client, Anna Niescu, a young, shy, pregnant woman, working at a down-at-the-heels lodging house/hotel, run by an old woman who works her hard and suffers no excuses for slacking off. Anna’s fiancé is a mystery man who introduces the third set of characters – those who operate a small Florentine bank: the manager, the prideful assistant manager, a teller, and a man who works (or

Monterosso

Monterosso, the beach resort to which the Brunelli family retreats

loafs) at the bank.  Anna’s boyfriend Josef has always arrived on time at the bank, once a week, with the weekend receipts of a nearby cinema, and his failure to make a deposit during the week of this novel raises questions about where he is and whether he might have been the victim discovered beside the road.

Gradually, the characters overlap, their relationships developing and their connections to the community expanding. Florence is a “small town” in terms of its relationships among long-time residents, and as Sandro Cellini investigates, he uses his own connections, as do his wife and the various other characters, to try to figure out the who, how, and why of the murder. Eventually, another body is discovered, and the process continues, with all the characters then looking for connections, real or imagined, between the two deaths.

Ponte Alle Grazie

Ponte Alle Grazie, where Sandro meets with Pietro, his former colleague - one bridge away from the Ponte Vecchio

Author Christobel Kent creates a taut and psychologically intriguing novel about characters dealing with crises of life-changing dimensions during a period in which the August heat ratchets up the drama by its claustrophobic intensity. The characters as a group are pragmatic people dealing with life on their own terms, and as they try to come to grips with the changes that circumstances may be hurling their way, they evoke great sympathy from the reader. Sandro Cellini, different from the more typical private eye/former police officer in that he is not a drunk, not a loner, and not a “hard” man, draws the reader’s attention to some of the smaller issues which are of particular interest to him, and as he reaches out to the people around him, providing emotional help, a characteristic rare among main characters of mysteries, he elevates his status as a hero. All the characters associated with Cellini and his wife Luisa are good people, and it is satisfying for the reader to be able to empathize with them as they live their lives. As the novel comes to a grand climax, the reader races to keep up with the action, hoping, all the while, that the characters with whom s/he has identified will survive the crises to go on with their lives in a way that is as satisfying for them as this novel has been for the reader.

Photos, in order: The author’s photo by Donald Robertson appears on the author’s page on http://us.macmillan.com

Santa Croce, built between 1224 and 1442, containes frescoes by Giotto and the tomb of Niccolo Machiavelli.  Dante’s statue is outside its entrance.   http://www.ssqq.com

Monterosso, the beachfront resort, appears on  http://www.planningatour.com

The Ponte Alle Grazie from which most of the photos are taken of the Ponte Vecchio, its neighbor, is shown on http://www.casadeitintori.it

I was startled to discover that this Lamborghini is owned by the Polizia dello Stato, though I have no idea of its national purpose. http://www.militaryphotos.net

ARC: Pegasus

Note: This novel was  WINNER of the Man Asian Prize in 2012.  It was also SHORTLISTED for the Man Booker Prize for 2012.

“There is a goddess of Memory, Mnemosyne; but none of Forgetting. Yet there should be, as they are twin sisters, twin powers, and walk on either side of us, disputing for sovereignty over us and who we are, all the way until death.” – Frontispiece, from “A Meander through Memory and Forgetting” by Richard Holmes.

Setting this unusual, aesthetically intriguing, and often exciting novel in Malaya/Malaysia, author Tan Twan Eng* provides insights into the Japanese Occupation of Malaya from 1941 – 1945, while recreating the horrors endured by the local population. At the same time, he also illustrates the highly formal aesthetic principles which underlie Japanese gardens, ukiyo-e (woodblock) prints, and the practice of horimono (literally “carving”), which is part of the long tradition of irezumi, Japanese tattooing. Amazing as it may sound, Tan succeeds in accomplishing an elegant blend of these seemingly incompatible subjects and themes while also appealing to the reader with characters who face personal tragedies and strive, somehow, to endure.

When the novel opens, in 1989 or 1990, Judge Teoh has just retired from her work on the Supreme Court in Kuala Lumpur. Only sixty-three, the judge, known familiarly as Yun Ling, has taken early retirement for reasons she does not initially divulge and has returned to the central highlands where she spent many years from her early teens until her late twenties. Though she has not been there for thirty-four years, she is seeking her spiritual home, a garden called Yangiri, which means “Evening Mists.” Nakamura Aritomo, whom she knew many years ago, spent fourteen years developing this special garden according to the principles set forth in Sakuteiki, a book written in the mid- to late eleventh century and which he translated and published in his native Japan. The garden has not been tended for many years, and Aritomo’s nearby house has been empty for the same length of time, but Yun Ling is determined to bring back Yangiri’s original beauty: first, to honor the memory of Aritomo, whom she originally despised for his connections to Japan, where he was gardener to the Emperor, and second, to honor the memory of her sister, Yun Hong, who did not survive the work camp to which they were both consigned during the Occupation. She knows how hard the restoration work will be – she worked with Aritomo in creating the original masterpiece. She also plans to record all her recollections of the approximately ten years she worked with Aritomo. “I will dance to the music of words,” she says, “one more time.”

As the novel shifts back and forth chronologically, often quite suddenly, the horrors of the Occupation and the complex political dynamics of Malaya from 1940 – 1945 are revealed. Though the Japanese are the most powerful military force, as evidenced by their Occupation in 1941, they and the local population are also being challenged by the Chinese Communists, led by Mao; the Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-Shek; the homegrown Malay Communists; and an aboriginal culture, the Orang Asli, who resent the intrusions into the jungle and forests which they consider their home. Tan describes these groups and their sudden attacks on civilians, while also focusing on the Japanese labor camp where Yun Ling and Yun Hong are imprisoned, and on the tortures visited upon the detainees, especially the women. Yun Ling is the only survivor of her camp, but how she survived remains a mystery for much of the novel. Other mysteries also keep the interest high. Questions arise as to whether Aritomo may have been involved in a group called “The Golden Lily,” which stole treasures from Japanese-occupied countries and sent them to the Philippines, on behalf of the Emperor. Other questions arise about the Boer family of Magnus Pretorius, which owns the Majuba Tea Estate, located beside Yangiri, and whether someone there may have had connections with the Communists during the war.

While Yun Ling is planning her restoration of Yangiri, she agrees to allow Professor Yoshikawa Tatsuji to come from Japan to inspect and possibly photograph thirty-six, never-before-seen ukiyo-e prints made by Aritomo and bequeathed to her. Aritomo was apparently as skilled at ukiyo-e as he was with garden design, both art forms being governed by balance and harmony, and a sense of proportion and unity, the complete opposite of the warfare he and Yun Ling have both faced. An art form practiced secretly by Aritomo, one which is related to the ukiyo-e prints in its use of a “carving” tool, is that of the traditional Japanese tattoo.  Tatsuji has seen only one tattoo by Aritomo, on the back of a friend, but as he is a collector of tattooed skin (!), which he sells and trades, he is anxious to find more examples of Aritomo’s style.

garden imperial palace
Garden, Imperial Palace, where Aritomo had been gardener

Through hints and small details mentioned throughout the novel, Tan creates interest in Yun Ling’s history, and the eventual discovery of how she becomes the sole survivor of her work camp in the mountains is one of the most dramatic sections of the novel. The author’s depiction of Aritomo’s character also develops slowly. Yun Ling had originally contacted him at the end of the war because she wanted to create a monument in memory of her sister and had decided to create a garden. Though Aritomo refuses to help her with this project, he does say that he will teach her what he knows so that she herself can create the garden she wants. The relationship they develop in the process of working together is revelatory of their different personalities, and as time passes, of their different ways of dealing with memories as they affect their pasts and futures.

chrysanthemums, hiroshige

Chrysanthemums, Ukiyo-e print by Hiroshige, one of the masters

The Garden of Evening Mists is an unusually ambitious novel, and its focus on Japanese art forms elevates it beyond the horrors of war. I did find the novel a bit difficult to get into, however. The beginning is slow to develop since the author must introduce a number of characters from three different time frames, all with names that are “foreign” and harder than usual for most English-speakers to remember. In addition, the author seems to be trying a bit too hard, stylistically, in the first fifty or so pages, paying more attention to the old adage of using “lively” verbs and verb forms (more per page here than I have come across in years) than he does to the more important one of “keeping it simple.” Once the author gains traction with his story, however, the overwritten passages disappear, and the novel becomes the elegant story of two unusual people dealing with war and the past and, more importantly, finding solace in art, creativity, and abiding values.

*The order of names of characters in this book follows the pattern used in the characters’ countries, with family name first, followed by personal names.

Photos, in order: The author’s photo is from http://goodbooksguide.blogspot.com

Sakuteiki, written between the early 11th century and mid-eleventh century, is probably the oldest text in the world about gardening, from http://adligmary.blogspot.com

The photo of the Imperial Garden, where Aritomo was gardener, is from http://www.npointercos.jp

The ukiyo-e print of chrysanthemums is in a shape which suggests how easily it might have been adapted to a tattoo across the shoulders and upper back. http://www.wikipaintings.org

ARC: Weinstein Books


“What territory can accommodate more than one king? I do not speak…of the struggle between white rose and red, nor of that other struggle, years before, between Hector and Achilles, but between Belgium and the Congo, between Leopold and the lion. Leopold raised his rifle, and thenceforth but one king reigned.” – a “poem” written by Capt. Lalande Biran, Yangambi station.

When young Chrysostome Liege arrives by boat to begin his service in the Belgian Force Publique for King Leopold II in the Congo, he is clearly an innocent – a shy, religious, and humorless young man thrust into circumstances which challenge everything he, and the reader, consider “civilized.” It is 1903, and the Congo is King Leopold’s private fiefdom. Though the country has been called the Congo “Free State” since 1885, King Leopold has been the sole shareholder of this “non-governmental organization” which he founded so he could be a “benevolent ruler” to an area in central Africa more than twice the size of New England and New York combined. In reality, “freedom” and “benevolence” have never been part of the King’s plan. He has, from the beginning, used the Congo for his own purposes, forcing an unwilling native population to supply huge amounts of ivory, mahogany, minerals, and rubber which would benefit only him. Failure to meet nearly impossible quotas has resulted in the loss of a hand for the unfortunate laborer.

For the soldiers in the Force Publique, especially those assigned to remote areas like Yangambi, where Chrysostome will be working, an outside social milieu does not exist – there is only the jungle. The soldiers obey the obvious protocols of the military, but there are only seventeen Belgian officers at the garrison, and with no active rebellion by native groups to keep them occupied, at the moment, they have significant amounts of time on their hands. Might makes right here, and once they have performed their assigned duties, they enter a world completely different from anything any of them have ever known.

Yangambi

Yangambi

Author Bernardo Atxaga, whose previous works have been set in his native Basque country in Spain, provides only basic information about the rule of King Leopold II and Belgium’s Force Publique, spending little time on the grand scale of the atrocities this group has committed historically against the native population. Instead, he focuses on the behavior of the individual officers of this one small garrison in Yangambi as they conduct their daily lives. This creates a unique narrative in which the author explores what happens when there are, essentially, no limits on what individuals may do to keep themselves entertained – life is truly a “jungle.” By creating in Chrysostrome a man who is both naïve and timid – and regarded as a “poufter” by his fellow officers – Atxaga also creates scenes in which Chrysostrome’s reactions set the behaviors of the others into sharp relief. Chrysostrome has no sense of being part of the group and, more importantly, no apparent need to be part of it, and since he also has no feeling for irony or absurdity, even in circumstances in which the ironies and absurdities are patently obvious, the reader is alternately horrified by some of the officers’ activities and somewhat nonplussed by Chrysostrome’s apparent attitude of being above it all.  All of the men except Chrysostrome drink in the Club Royale, which they have built, and all of them except Chrysostrome also gamble.  As one of the officers notes, “I’ve no idea whether he’ll be a good soldier or a bad one, but he’ll certainly be a miserable one.  As miserable as a mandrill.”

In charge of this garrison is Captain Lalande Biran, a “poet” who has been away from home for six years. Biran regularly sends large sums of money home to his wife, Christine Saliat de Meilhan, whose goal is to own seven houses in France by the end of seven years. She already owns six. Actively engaged in smuggling ivory and mahogany with a Monsieur X back in Belgium, and with Lt. Richard Van Thiegel at the garrison, Biran is flabbergasted to discover that the prices of mahogany and ivory have suddenly tripled since the last shipment. With just two more large shipments, both men will be able to resign from the Force Publique by the end of another year, as long as they do not get caught exporting the riches which officially belong to the King.

Felling Mahogany

Felling Mahogany

When the King plans a visit, bringing a famous dancer from Philadelphia, whom he plans to make Queen of the Congo, all garrison activity is organized to promote this. Henry Morton Stanley will accompany the King and will attend the coronation of the new Queen beside Stanley Falls. According to Van Thiegel, “There’s never been another lover like Leopold II, and it will be years before anyone breaks his record…Beside him, I’m a mere babe.” Later the garrison learns that the King will be sending a statue of the Virgin, created by the “new Michelangelo,” to be installed permanently beside Stanley Falls as “The Virgin of the Congo.” No one finds this ironic.

The soldiers of Yangambi spend most of their free time chasing local women. Van Thiegel, sometimes referred to as “the Drunken Monkey,” finds satisfaction with the local women, while Biran, fearing that he might get syphilis, has his orderly bring him a virgin once a week. The young girl is examined, sometimes publicly, by his orderly to ascertain that she is, in fact, a virgin, though Biran and Van Thiegel also believe it might be fun to require Chrysostrome to perform this task since he seems to have little interest in women. The officers suspect he is gay, and to them “the only contest that mattered [was] the virility stakes.” The self-described “virility stakes” continue among the officers as time and the jungle work their wiles.

Officer's uniform, Force Publique

Officer’s uniform, Force Publique

Atxaga’s sense of narrative flow reflects his experience with the much longer novels he has written in Basque, and the novel moves quickly, enhanced by intriguing and vibrant details about the time, place, and main characters. Much credit is owed to prize-winning translator Margaret Jull Costa, whose work translating the Spanish text into English is flawless, her ear for dialogue, particularly fine. Though this novel is, in a sense, a kind of morality tale, the author conveys his themes without didacticism, focusing on ordinary characters facing crises, often of their own making. The facts speak for themselves here, and Atxaga lets them.

ALSO by Bernardo Atxaga:  THE ACCORDIONIST’S SON and OBABAKOAK

Photos, in order: The author’s photo appears on http://www.diariodenavarra.es

A boat pulls up to shore in Yangambi, along the Congo: http://www.gocongo.com

The infamous King Leopold II, from http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com

The navy blue uniform worn by the officers of the Force Publique may be seen on
http://www.rudi-geudens.be

G. Spencer-Prise’s watercolor of the Felling of a Mahogany Tree may be found here:http://usslave.blogspot.com

ARC: Graywolf

SEVEN HOUSES IN FRANCE
REVIEW. Congo, Leopold II, Belgium, Slavery. Book Club Suggestions, Historical, Literary, Social and Political Issues, Basque author
Written by: Bernardo Atxaga
Published by: Graywolf Press
ISBN: 978-1555976231
Available in: Ebook Paperback Hardcover

 

“[The Arabs] all hate us. How could they not? If I were them I’d hate us too. In fact, I’d hate us even without being them. Take it from me, Rachel, if you just look at us, you can see that we deserve nothing but hatred and contempt. And maybe a bit of pity. But that pity cannot come from the Arabs. They themselves need all the pity in the world.”—Pesach Kedem, former Member of the Knesset, from the story “Digging.”

Although he emphasizes some aspects of contemporary Israeli life which he describes as sad and regrettable in this novel, Amos Oz also shows humor in his attitudes toward some of his characters. Eighty-six-year-old Pesach Kedem in “Digging,” for example, is a man with no friends. His political party fell apart twenty-five years ago, and he is now mean-spirited and resentful, “pitiless in his criticism of his opponents and enemies, all of them long since deceased.” The younger generation, he believes, is worthless. The press publishes only nonsense, and, as far as he is concerned, even the weather forecaster cannot manage to get it right. His benighted daughter Rachel, whom he sometimes calls Abigail, the name of his deceased wife, tries to placate him by writing down his “memoirs” as he speaks, but Pesach remains determinedly disagreeable and uncooperative.

Of particular concern to him is the fact that he, and he alone, hears mysterious digging and scraping under their house at night, and he fears that someone may be undermining the foundations of the house. Whatever symbolism this digging may have is presented subtly, but its meaning becomes more universal when Adel, the shy Arab student who is living in one of the outbuildings of Pesach’s now-defunct farm, surprises Pesach by asking him about the unexplained digging that he, too, has heard at night. Both Pesach and Adel are struggling to deal with changes in the foundations of their lives, but Adel’s point of view is obviously different from Pesach’s, which is quoted at the top of this review. “[The Arabs’] unhappiness is partly our fault and partly your fault,” Adel proffers, “But your unhappiness comes from your soul.”

Eight stories comprise this “novel in stories” (though many would quibble with the use of the term “novel”), and they are some of Oz’s strongest and most intriguing stories. All the stories take place in Tel Ilan, a “pioneer village” already a hundred years old, located in the hills in central Israel and surrounded by fields and orchards, with vineyards and almond trees. The old village is changing, however. On its way to becoming a summer resort, the village has already become “gentrified,” with boutique wineries, art galleries, antique shops, and stores selling cheese, honey, and olives. As the individual stories unfold, Oz stresses the changes in focus that are also taking place among the residents themselves as the community is transformed. No longer unified by the common goals which in early days motivated and drove its residents to build the thriving state of Israel, most of the characters in this collection are at loose ends – lonely, if not alienated – and often unable to communicate or identify with others on the most basic level. Some see “ghosts” or feel strange spirits, which lead them to keep their distance from each other, an enormous change from the communal values of the past.

Though the stories overlap somewhat, with some characters appearing in several stories, their subject matter and style differ, though their themes connect. “Heirs” is a kind of parable, telling of Arieh Zelnik, descended from one of the founders of the village, as he deals with a clever scoundrel who claims to be a relative and who wants Arieh’s land. “Relations,” which follows, is the sensitive story of Dr. Gili Steiner, a childless, forty-five-year-old physician, who has always loved her nephew, a soldier who appears to have autism or Asperger’s Syndrome and who does not arrive for his scheduled visit. “Lost” is a mystery, in which a real estate agent tries to effect a sale as a strange woman who “looked as if she had stepped out of a foreign advertisement for nature walks” appears in a garden, then disappears; a heavy package without an address or apparent owner shows up on a bench along the road; and someone gets lost in the dark.

“Waiting” tells of Benny Avni, the village mayor, and the story of his marriage. When he receives a message from his wife saying “Don’t worry about me,” Benny has to rethink his priorities.   “Strangers” is the sad love story of a seventeen-year-old boy who adores from afar a woman twice his age – the kindly postmistress – and what this love shows about each of them. “Singing” is another story with other worldly elements as a speaker finds himself unable to enjoy the group singing at the home of one of the organizers and goes exploring, with bizarre consequences.

All of these stories deal with characters experiencing isolation – people whose “unhappiness comes from [their] soul” –  and these characters vary primarily in the degree to which they may be prisoners of the past, unable to see beyond it so that they can enjoy the present or imagine the future. They tend to have few personal resources which allow them to find true meaning in their lives, and their commitment to their community, as opposed to their pursuit of their own interests, seems tenuous. The final story, “In a Faraway Place at Another Time,” is devastating in its implications – bleak, depressing, and ultimately, overwhelming – a picture of an Armageddon.

To the extent that this final story is the culmination of the previous stories and their sometimes subtle themes, Oz may be suggesting that there is less hope now for present day Israel to solve its social problems than ever before in the past. The younger generation in this collection has a different vision of the future, and the present society or government is rigid and uncompromising in its views. Though these stories are exciting to read, a great deal of fun, and decidedly apolitical, they nevertheless suggest that the author is not showing much optimism (or hope for compromises) within present Israeli society or its government. The power of this story collection, which is absolutely riveting, lingers long after the book is closed.

ALSO by Amos Oz:  MY MICHAEL,     A PANTHER IN THE BASEMENT,      RHYMING LIFE AND DEATH,     SOUMCHI,   A TALE OF LOVE AND DARKNESS,     JUDAS

Photos, in order: The author’s photo appears on http://www.theworldpoliticalforum.net

Tel Ilan, an imaginary village, might have looked like this: http://www.petergreenberg.com

This shop selling “antiques,” is typical of what would have been in Tel Ilan during this story collection.
http://www.igm2010.com

A group of jackals, howling in the countryside at sunset, appears at both the beginning and the end of this story collection set in Tel Ilan, suggesting the symbolism of someone’s worst nightmare (http://www.answers.com), of scavengers, or in ancient Egypt, of the animal which leads souls to the land of the dead.  By Yoshi Eshbol on Arkive.org:  http://www.lhnet.org

“As a child he couldn’t bear to hear the shrieking of a pig under the butcher’s knife; when it was time he’d cover his ears and burrow deep under his bedcovers. Nor could he stand the smell of blood. Now blood was everywhere and it was the blood of twenty-year-old boys. He had learned to shoot, to use a bayonet…But he still couldn’t understand anything of what was happening around him. It was like being in another world or inside the nightmare of a madman.” Floti,  during  World War I

In this old-fashioned, “once-upon-a-time-in-the-old-country” saga set in northern Italy, author Valerio Massimo Manfredi introduces the Bruni family of farmers. Living in the rural hills outside of Bologna, Callisto and Clerice Bruni, parents of seven sons and two daughters, have worked the same land as generations of their ancestors, occupying the same house as their parents and grandparents, with the same large barn for their cattle. During the cold winters, the barn becomes the night-time gathering place for the family, since the warmth of their cows keeps the barn warmer than the house, and they willingly offer a warm place there to any travelers or passersby who need a place to sleep. Some of these strangers tell stories to amuse the family, some of them help with the farm work, some stay for a few days, some stay for weeks, and some, like Cleto, the umbrella mender, have been visiting so often over the years that the family now knows them well. Though the Brunis do not own the land, farming it for a landowner in exchange for half the wheat and corn crops, they feel secure and are never hungry. “In their lives, everything is always the same…one night like any other. Only nature can surprise them.” Through the stories which people bring to their door, they share the legends and mysteries of the region and add their own interpretations to events happening around them.

One evening in January, 1914, Iofa, a neighbor, arrives, out of breath, alarmed by something he has seen at the osteria – an old man, a stranger, with a beard so long it nearly touches his belt, with a long overcoat, and a sack over his shoulder. “[The stranger’s] eyes were as red as a demon’s,” and he has witnessed a fearsome sight –  “the golden goat” in the hills in front of him, “shining in the middle of the swirling snow.” The goat’s devilish red eyes, and the old man’s sudden disappearance implies his own other-worldly origins. In the past, each sighting of the golden goat has presaged some disaster, and over the next three months, Cleto, the itinerant umbrella mender, interprets this visitation as signifying “a catastrophe the likes of which no one has ever seen.” In March Cleto leaves on his own “mission,” hiking into the hills to “find the demonic creature and destroy it or…offer [himself as] a victim in expiation.”

Gen. Armando Diaz

Only a few months later, World War I begins. The war changes the tone of the novel, as it does the heart of the nation, not only because of the hundreds of thousands of young men killed, wounded, or taken prisoner, but because of the totality of the horrors for every person in the country. No one can ever believe again in the simplicity of a golden goat to explain the catastrophes that have affected the entire country. All  seven of the Bruni sons participate in this war, and though they all end up in different regiments, all seven are among the thousands of men lined up along the Piave River in a final attempt to prevent the Austrians from crossing. As the author tells the stories of each of the brothers and what he has seen and felt during the war, he also shows the devastation at home, with no one left to tend the fields and the cattle.

The years of Fascism form the next part of the novel’s structure, with the brothers and their friends sometimes responding differently to the rise of Mussolini and his dictatorship. Some support the need for totalitarianism as a way to control the direction of the country, others absorb the ideas of socialism, and still others believe in Marxism. The growth of unions among the farmers threatens many powerful landowners tied to the government, and the alliance of the police with the Fascists, lead to beatings, homicides, arrests, torture, and even summary executions. Conflicts among the brothers as to what constitutes their own best interests, instead of the best interest of the family as a whole, lead to divided loyalties, and when the older generation dies off, the younger generation goes in different directions, the idea of a strong family unit destroyed by time. As the author continues their stories, these characters become paradigms of the sociological changes taking place.

The final part of the novel features the next generation of Bruni sons as they deal with the many factions within Italy during World War II. Various Resistance groups fight against the Fascist Republican Army, or its extreme wing, the paramilitary Black Brigades, but the Resistenza itself is fragmented. One of the Brunis eventually confronts Mario Musolesi, known as “Lupo,” the Wolf, who commands the Red Star Resistance in the mountains near Bologna. Musolesi and his Red Star group achieve fame for their defeat of the Germans at Monte Sole, the site of the largest civilian massacre by the Germans during the war. Over seven hundred civilians, many of them women and children, some in church at the time, were massacred.

Red Star image at toop of Monte Sole

Memorial at the top of Monte Sole. It reads “Eternal glory to the partisans who on these mountains sacrificed their lives for the freedom and independence of Italy.”

This novel has something for everyone, and that is both its joy and its limitation. The scope is huge – even epic – incorporating a very large and ever growing family over several generations, as they individually deal with two world wars, the Fascism which infected Italy between the wars, and the splintering of families as their traditional way of life disappears and the sense of community yields to individual self-interest. Many characters inspire the reader’s admiration, and many scenes are variously charming, enlightening, filled with local customs and color, and exploding with the horrors of war, but for me, the novel does not jell into a coherent whole unified by powerful themes. The fact that there is not a moment of boredom in the entire novel attests to the author’s prodigious narrative abilities, but the thirty-year focus results in a novel that feels diffuse and sometimes unfocused, and the conclusion itself peters out. Though I loved parts of this book, I never gained a feeling of new understanding or new knowledge of universal truths which one associates with the great epic novels.


Mario Musolesi, "Lupo," leader of the Resistenza

Photos, in order: The author’s photo  is from http://www.sassuolo2000.it

General Armando Diaz, one of the primary Italian generals of  World War I:   http://digilander.libero.it

Benito Mussolini by Michael Nicholson is  from  http://www.corbisimages.com

Many images of Monte Sole, where one of the great battles of World War II took place, appear on http://ciaobologna.wordpress.com. Mario Musolesi was the Resistenza organizer in charge of the defeat of the Germans there.  His group, the Red Star Resistance, is memorialized in this monument.

Musolesi’s portait is from http://it.wikipedia.org

ARC: Europa

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