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“One huge lie that we have inherited from the rhetoric of liberty is that when it comes to the important decisions in life there’s always time to go back and make a change.  But it isn’t true.  Because time passes, and it’s not willing to cooperate with anyone or anything.  Time has no patience for ignorance.  Just like the law.”

In his second novel of what appears to be the beginning of a series, Neapolitan author Diego De Silva reintroduces hapless attorney Vincenzo Malinconico, a man lacking in ambition, commitment, and self-awareness.  In his previous outing, I Hadn’t Understood, Vincenzo found himself defending a low-level criminal belonging to the Neapolitan camorra, and, much to his own surprise, being successful – the last thing he really wanted in a city in which the powerful camorra often terrorizes people who “disagree” with their way of life – and death.  In the ensuing two years or so, Vincenzo has managed to stay out of the public eye, leading a conveniently quiet, though not necessarily satisfying, life.  His wife, a psychologist, left him for another man more than two years ago, and he has had his own relationships, the most recent of which, with a gorgeous fellow-attorney, is currently on the rocks.  Not surprisingly, given his lack of ambition, his caseload is almost non-existent:  “I’m not a tough guy,” he admits.   “If you want to know the truth, I doubt I’ve ever made a real decision in my whole life…I’m not a multiple-options kind of guy, really.”

His life changes on a simple trip to the supermarket, where the engineer friend of a former client approaches him and speaks to him, though the engineer is constantly distracted by the market’s video monitor, which shows a man “dressed like a character from The Matrix” walking around the market.  After asking Vincenzo if he represents criminal cases, Engineer Romulo Sesti Orfeo suddenly warns him that something is about to happen.  While Vincenzo is characteristically dithering about whether to call the police, Sesti Orfeo attacks “Matrix” with a gun, handcuffs him, then begins fiddling with the store’s video monitors, controlling the image of “the hostage” which he then broadcasts throughout the store.  A fight between Matrix and the engineer leaves Matrix bloodied, his nose broken – in living color – and a crowd of shoppers gathering about, watching the action.

The two carabinieri who arrive at the supermarket remind Vincenzo of Mulder and Scully, from X-Files.

Constantly interrupting this action is a series of tiny essays on a variety of contemporary social issues, along with Vincenzo’s personal feelings about various aspects of his own life.  Vincenzo is not a thinker, as the reader has already discovered, and his ironically comical observations about life are presented as if Vincenzo believes we will all rejoice in the “insights” he is presenting.  Often illustrating these ideas for the reader in terms of contemporary television, films, and social media, Vincenzo speaks in simple language that reflects his decidedly unsophisticated thinking.  He is especially disturbed by the fact that these thoughts keep returning with such “determination,” and he blames them for his inability to make decisions.

Vincenzo imagines himself as Roberto Saviano, 29, an Italian writer living under protection for having written his acclaimed book “Gomorrah.” Saviano is now on the death list of the Camorra, the Mafia group from Naples.  Photo by Joao Pina

“My thoughts are a bunch of sluts, if you want to know the truth.  I wish they’d stop treating me like a hotel, coming to me for consolation and help after they’ve been out doing who the hell knows what around town.”  He tries to wrest control over these thoughts by writing them down, “so that I have a chance of coming up with something snappy (and more important, on topic),” but he finds, that “overtime rules forbid it.  In real life I can’t delete, start over, rethink what I said, correct it.  So I write.”

Amidst all the ironic moralizing, Vincenzo also reflects on his family, the most intriguing of whom is his mother-in-law Assunta, known as “Ass,” who has been recently diagnosed with cancer.  She will not talk to her daughter, Vincenzo’s ex-wife, so he is the one who needs to talk to her about starting chemo.  On his visit to see her and her caregiver, he brings her a bottle of Jack Daniels – hence, the title of the novel.

Vincenzo says he feels like Harrison Ford in Witness when he successfully tears down Mary Stracqualurso, an absurd TV commentator, during the standoff.

When the story returns to the hostage situation in the supermarket, the author has great fun building a satire of the media, with the Engineer talking to the camera (“he kind of looked like The Scream by Munch”), telling the employees to call the carabinieri but have them keep their distance, and waiting for the TV crew to arrive so that he can have a live trial of the Matrix character in front of the entire city.  The arrival of ubiquitous TV personality Mary Stracqualurso presents Vincenzo (and the reader) with opportunities to “delight in her goatish ignorance, the way she’s chronically misinformed on any and all subjects”– in many ways similar to Vincenzo himself, just more extreme.  When Mary suggests publicly that this might be a terrorist operation, Vincenzo contemplates publicly destroying her.  Riffs on reality TV (including television aesthetics and contrived emotions), on TV lawyer/commentators, on newspaper quotations from prominent people regarding the situation, and ultimately on “the [inevitable] privilege of becoming a public personality,” combine with encomiums for Vincenzo on his behavior and add humor to the scenes, several of which parody TV sitcoms.

Vincenzo imagines how his life might be six months later, strolling past a cafe in Paris and seeing a girl resembling Emmanuelle Beart in Claude Chabrol’s L’Enfer

Genre-bending, like his previous novel, I Hadn’t Understood, this novel is looser in construction with many more interruptions in the flow of the narrative, if the jumping-around thoughts of Vincenzo can be considered a real narrative.  His constant lecturing, while often funny, leads to obvious conclusions and few insights, other than some possible growth of Vincenzo’s personal understanding.  And when the hostage standoff ends suddenly with one-third of the novel to go, it leaves the novel without the organizing framework it needs to move the novel forward, leaving it dependent on Vincenzo and his thoughts to bring it to conclusion.  Vincenzo himself is neither very sympathetic nor intriguing, however, and the emphasis on the hostage situation as a metaphor for real life is something often seen on all-day news programs with all their extrapolations and second-guessing.  De Silva stretches his material in many different directions, and raises many issues, conveyed through the point of view of Vincenzo, and the novel has some lively scenes with some sparkling dialogue, but I wish it had meshed more effectively – and more succinctly.

ALSO by Diego De Silva: I HADN’T UNDERSTOOD

Photos, in order: The author’s photo is from http://www2.tv2000.it/

The picture of Mulder and Scully from X-Files may be found on http://www.mtv.com/

The story of Roberto Saviano is presented here:  http://www.elpuercoespin.com.ar His writing against the Camorra led to his virtual abandonment, except for his ever-present bodyguards.

Harrison Ford’s punch to a bully against the Amish in Witness may have produced the same kind of satisfaction for him as what Vincenzo felt when he verbally demolished an arrogant newswoman who invented “facts.”  https://aznbadger.wordpress.com/

Emmanuelle Beart in a Parisian cafe scene in Claude Chabrol’s L’Enfer is a dream that Vincenzo contemplates for his own life near the end of the book.  https://www.tumblr.com/

ARC: Europa

Note: Author Anthony Doerr was WINNER of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for this novel in 2015.  He has also been WINNER of four O.Henry Prizes, three Pushcart Prizes, the Rome Prize and a Guggenheim Fellowship and was shortlisted for the National Book Award for this novel.

“The bony figure of Death rides the streets below, stopping his mount now and then to peer into windows.  Horns of fire on his head and smoke leaking from his nostrils and, in his skeletal hand, a list newly charged with addresses.  Gazing first at the crew of officers…Then at the glowing rooms of the perfumer Claude Levitte. Then at the dark tall house of Etienne LeBlanc.  Pass us by, Horseman.  Pass this house by.”—thoughts from Saint-Malo, France, 1942.

It’s hard to remember when a story as absorbing as this has come along in recent years – and I choose the world “story” deliberately, because it is more personal and involving than words like “novel” or “narrative.” Here, author Anthony Doerr has recreated a whole world, a world of war and love and honor and betrayal, and has told about it in detail, the writing of which took the author himself ten years to complete.  It is a lush and glorious story on every level, one that sidles up to you in the first few pages, puts its arm around you a hundred or so pages later, and then ends up holding your heart in its hand.  (And if this description seems a bit over-the-top, it’s undoubtedly because I am still totally enraptured by this grand, old-fashioned saga.)  Filled with emotion, intense description, life-changing events, and characters one really cares about, the novel straddles that fine line between the romantic and the sentimental in its approach, incorporating the magic of secret locked rooms, a magnificent jewel, and a blind child who loves The Three Musketeers and Twenty-Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, then contrasts them with the horrors of Hitler, his use of children for his own ends, and the institutionalized bullying which marked the rise of the Hitler Youth.

The introduction opens in August, 1944, when the two main characters are both about sixteen, before flashing back to earlier times.  Doerr first presents Marie-Laure, a blind girl living in the old house belonging to her great-uncle Etienne in Saint-Malo, France, “the last citadel on the edge of the continent.”  It is two months after D-Day, and leaflets are falling, urging the citizens to leave for open country before the Allied bombing takes place in earnest.  Marie-Laure hears the bombers in the mounting static on the radio, “The hum inside a seashell.” Three streets away, German private Werner Pfennig, an orphan who was drafted into the Hitler Youth seven years before, is hiding in a destroyed hotel.  He and his mates, about the same age as Marie-Laure, have erected and barricaded an antiaircraft gun there, “the royal acht-acht, a deathly monarch meant to protect them all.”

This 9.75 carat blue diamond, once belonging to Bunny Mellon, was sold on Nov. 21, 2014, at Sothebys for $32.6 million. The Sea of Flame, in this novel, is fourteen times larger!

Book One then flashes back to 1934. Marie-Laure LeBlanc, six years old, is living in Paris with her father, who works in the Museum of Natural History.  As the Keeper of the Locks, in charge of protecting all the valuables in the museum, her father is particularly invested in protecting the Sea of Flame, an enormous 133-carat blue diamond, the largest such diamond in the world, a “cursed stone” which will protect the life of anyone who keeps it, allowing him/her to live forever, but, at the same time, will bring misfortune to those friends and family whom the keeper loves.  The only way the curse may be lifted is if the keeper throws the jewel into the sea.  Though Marie-Laure had vision when she was born, she became completely blind one month after her father set up a series of locked rooms which would allow the stone to be confined within the museum – thirteen separate doors to thirteen separate spaces, each of which requires thirteen separate steps to unlock the door (described in this book of thirteen chapters.).  Her father, wanting her to be able to navigate both the museum and the neighborhood, creates a detailed, wooden miniature of Paris, which Marie-Laure studies with her hands so that she can learn to navigate the real environment in which she lives.  Within two years, her father is able to leave her anywhere in the city, and she can  lead him home.

Hitler meets with young recruits, many of whom are not yet in their teens, but who have sworn allegiance to him and are being trained to fight.

Also in 1934, a young German boy, Werner Pfennig, is living in an orphanage in the coal country of Zollverein, Germany, where he is growing up with his younger sister Jutta.  Having nothing in their lives outside the orphanage, the two form a close bond, and when Jutta finds some copper wire, she gives it to the clever Werner who is able to use it to make a radio from discarded parts.  This enables them to hear broadcasts coming from France, especially science stories and lessons, and provides exciting possibilities and insights which enable them to live with the hope that they will someday be able to avoid their seemingly predestined fates of working in the coal mines which killed their father.  A few years after that, Werner is drafted into the Hitler Youth.

Frederick, one of Werner’s friends in the Hitler Youth, is fascinated by birds, and this Audubon plate of the Aquatic Wood Wagtail, a favorite bird, plays a role in the later portions of the book.

Doerr does a masterful job of alternating time frames to keep the reader informed about the backgrounds of the characters, even as the action is moving forward.  By toggling back and forth among time periods, he draws out the suspense regarding the separate stories of Marie-Laure and Werner and the events which will eventually conclude the action.  Though the reader sees Marie-Laure and Werner at critical points in their lives and is able to identify with both of them, the author also omits crucial information to prolong the suspense.  A large cast of well-drawn peripheral characters broadens the scope of the novel, providing insights into the tenuous hold that the residents of Saint-Malo have on their lives, at the same time that scenes involving Werner and other members of the German army show how tenuous is their own hold on reality.  As the time frame changes back and forth between 1934 and May, 1944, and all dates in between, the reader becomes totally engaged, rooting for the sympathetic characters and hoping for the best, as the blue diamond, the Sea of Flame, haunts the action and connects the subplots.

Some characters in Saint-Malo are actively involved in the Free French movement, determined to undermine their German occupiers.

Important themes of love vs. war, human connection vs. inhuman dedication to an imposed goal, reality vs. the power of imagination, and time and light and their interrelationships, infuse all aspects of the novel, even though most of the action is revealed through the lives and points of view of two children/young adults.  Those who may be thinking that there is little new that the author could possible say about World War II and the connections between Vichy France and the Germans should think again.  Doerr is a huge talent with a broad vision of this war and the civilian lives which it absorbed and destroyed, and his ability to convey his ideas through his characters is stunning.  High on my list of Favorites for the Year – exciting, involving, and winningly presented.

The walled city of Saint-Malo, surrounded by water on all sides, was established during the Middle Ages, and was one of the last places in France to be liberated from German occupation.

Photos, in order: The author’s photo appears on his website:  http://www.anthonydoerr.com/

A 9.75 ct. blue diamond belonging to Bunny Mellon, was sold at Sothebys on Nov. 21, 2014, for $32.6 million.  The Sea of Flame, the 133.6 carat blue diamond in this novel, is fourteen times larger. http://www.forbes.com/

Hitler chatting with the Hitler Youth who have pledged to support him. http://da.3ctysklandnazismeogholocaust.wikia.com/

Werner’s friend Frederick, “a reedy boy, thin as a blade of grass,” was fascinated by the birds around their camp.  One of his favorite birds was the Aquatic Wood Wagtail, as seen in the Audubon book he enjoyed so much at home. Plate 149. http://www.letour.fr/

The flag of the Free French is shown here.  Originally the symbol of Joan of Arc, it was adopted by Charles de Gaulle from 1940 – 1945.  http://www.oradour.info/appendix/frefranc.htm

The walled city of Saint-Malo, founded during the Middle Ages, is surrounded by water on all four sides.  http://www.letour.fr

ALL THE LIGHT WE CANNOT SEE
Fiction, Novel, Book Club Suggestions, France, Germany, Historical, Literary, Social and Political Issues
Written by: Anthony Doerr
Published by: Scribner
ISBN: 978-1476746586
Available in: Ebook Paperback Hardcover

Note: Swiss author Peter Stamm was WINNER of the Friederick Holderlin Prize in 2014 and was SHORTLISTED for the Man Booker International Prize in 2013.

“She couldn’t remember how the crash had come about….[but] suddenly she understood that time had a direction, that it was irreversible.  Her first memory was that sense of not being able to do anything anymore, of having no force and no mass.  It was as though consciousness had already deserted her body, which accelerated…collided…was thrown back…hit something else in a ridiculous to-and-fro.”

Gillian, a TV commentator and drama school graduate, has just begun to regain consciousness in the hospital following an accident which has killed her husband Matthias, and as her memory of blue water and empty space comes and goes, she alternates between awareness of her surroundings and complete befuddlement.  The impact of the crash has destroyed her face, and it will be many surgeries and many months before it can be rebuilt.  She “had always known she was in danger, that she would sometime have to pay for everything.  Now she had paid.”  She and her husband, both intoxicated, had been quarreling because he had found a long-forgotten roll of film hidden in her desk, had had it developed, and was not pleased by what he saw.  Already jealous about her career, her friendships, and her easy conversations with those she interviews, Matthias was outraged – “no one took him seriously” – later refusing to let her drive, though he was even more intoxicated than she.  Now he is dead, and she will not have a real face for six months, at least.

What follows in this novel of relationships by Swiss author/dramatist Peter Stamm is a vibrant story of love with its many complications, as damaged people, including Gillian,  try to rebuild their lives and find some sort of peace.  Time is fluid here, as memories intrude for Gillian, and as Stamm, dramatist that he is, recreates much of her life in vivid scenes of natural and revealing dialogue.  As in Stamm’s Seven Years, a previous novel reviewed here, marriage among these characters feels more like a merger than an overwhelming sense of commitment to the well-being of another person, and few of these characters express much self-awareness.  The result is that the novel speeds along, compelling the reader to keep reading it for its story and its outcome, rather than for any deep self-analysis by the participants or  complex thematic development. Though it is tightly and thoughtfully organized, and filled with vibrant imagery, the novel’s main interest is in the ways the characters try to make sense of their lives.  What is significantly different from Stamm’s earlier novel Seven Years is that this one is full of dark ironies and is often funny as the author sees and highlights the absurdities in the lives of these shallow people.

While Gillian is in the hospital, an exhibition poster, similar to this one by John Armleder, is on the wall opposite her bed.

The novel divides into three sections:  The first is focused on Gillian, whose “life before the accident had been one long performance – her job, the studio, the designer clothes, the trips to cities, the meals in good restaurants, the visits to her parents and to Matthias’s mother.  It must have been a lie if it was so easy to destroy with a moment’s inattention.”  The person who took the photographs of Gillian is artist Hubert Amrhein, age thirty-nine, who usually photographed ordinary women performing ordinary tasks. Gillian had found him to be a “jerk” and a “chatterbox,” but also found his instinctive connection to what she herself was thinking during an interview to be “striking.”   Still, Hubert’s reaction toward her in the photographs was almost indifferent.  “I get the feeling that there’s nothing coming from you,” he says, as he looks at her images.

The unnamed American artist mentioned by Hubert’s gallerist as having secretly painted the same neighbor woman for fifteen years, may have been Andrew Wyeth.

The second section, from Hubert’s point of view, takes place five or six years later, when he is married to Astrid, though they are emotionally separated.  Anxious for even more “space,” Astrid now wants him to remove all his memorabilia and the old work which he has been storing in their attic.  When he is invited to have an exhibition at a cultural center in the mountains one summer, he accepts, though he has not done any new work in years.  Later he learns from his “gallerist” about a famous American painter who painted pictures of a neighbor for fifteen years, keeping the paintings hidden away  for that whole time, and he wonders if he has anything hidden away in his own attic that he can use or adapt for the exhibition.  He does not know that one of his former models, Gillian, now known as Jill, is the person directing this event.

At one point Hubert recalls the landscapes of Georgia O’Keeffe, where the hills looked like the bodies of naked women.

The third section consists of what happens in the present when Hubert goes to the cultural center and reconnects with Jill.  Much from the past is revealed here, as he tries to reinvigorate his sense of creativity; as his wife tries to get him out of her life; and as he begins to respond to the peacefulness of the mountains.  In what amounts to a coda to all this, Gillian/Jill comes to her own awakening and begins to think about changes in her own life.  Stamm’s sense of direction for the action is unerring, and his ability to focus is total.  His characters, though limited in personal awareness, are consistent, and their inner thoughts are clearly revealed to the reader. Because of this realism, most readers will be hoping for the characters to awaken, eventually, to new possibilities in their personal lives, and it is this hope which keeps the reader engaged, rather than the development of complex themes.

When Jill shows Hubert the photos he took of her, he is struck by one which shows her vulnerability. She is sitting with her hands in a pose which Hubert has “cribbed from Edvard Munch” in a portrait he did of a young girl.

The author’s own interest in art infuses this novel, as it did in Seven Years, and he sets up parallels between some of his characters and famous artists whose lives have similarities to the characters’ lives – Andrew Wyeth, Georgia O’Keeffe, and even Edvard Munch.  The famous artists have managed to live with their creativity and to use it, however, and one is not sure whether Stamm’s characters, especially Hubert, in search of inspiration, will also be able to gain the insights to do so, too.  After the exhibition has come and gone, Hubert makes some decisions, and soon after that, Gillian/Jill remembers the origins of her “blue water” imagery, which opens the novel. It remains to be seen if she will act on what she discovers.

[Michael Hofmann, one of the premier translators of German language novels, has translated this and several of Stamm’s other books.]

ALSO by Peter Stamm:  SEVEN YEARS,       AGNES,       TO THE BACK OF BEYOND

Photos, in order: The author’s photo appears on http://www.roxy.ulm.de/

The abstract picture by Geneva artist John Armleder, similar to one on the wall of Gillian’s hospital room, is one of a pair done in 2003:  http://www.nonobjectifsud.org/2007/aja1.html

John Wilmerding’s book about Andrew Wyeth’s “Helga Pictures,” was released in 1987 and may be found on Amazon and other book-selling sites.  http://en.wikipedia.org/

Georgia O’Keeffe’s “Red Hills, Gray Sky,” from the late 1930s, is shown on http://dailycristo.com

Edvard Munch’s depiction of the vulnerability of a young girl (1894) stands in sharp contrast to his most famous painting, ” The Scream.”  Ironies abound when thinking of this sweet painting in relation to Gillian, though she posed for her photo by Hubert in the same position.  http://www.edvard-munch.com

ARC: Other Press

Note: This novel was WINNER of the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for 2015 and WINNER of Germany’s 2014 Hans Falada Prize.

“If her grandmother had left for the Vienna Woods just half an hour later; …or if [she] who was so eager to cast her life aside had not…taken a right turn from Babenberger Strasse onto Opernring, where she coincidentally encountered her own death in the form of a shabby young man; or if the fiancée of this shabby young man had not broken off their engagement; …or if the shabby young man’s father hadn’t left his Mauser pistol in the unlocked drawer; …then she would not have been thinking of [being] shot, but [instead] about…a dark painting inside the [nearby] museum.”

The above quotation is not really a spoiler, since this unusual novel features a cast of characters whose lives change constantly in response to the circumstances of their lives.  Even death is not permanent.  If the unnamed main character makes a bad choice and dies, usually through no fault of her own, German author Jenny Erpenbeck simply changes one or more of the conditions which brought about the character’s death and its terrible consequences to the family and retells her story.  In fact, the unnamed main character here has five “deaths” in the novel’s five “books,” and other characters experience similar changes of fortune as the author examines the very nature of time, mortality, fate, coincidence, and the effects of a death or other terrible event on the people connected to that character. There is no heavenly hand, no higher deity, no fate with predictable goals or rewards controlling the outcomes here, only the hand of the author, with her long view and broad themes.

Author photo by Maarten ten Haaff

Erpenbeck aims high, creating an unnamed main character from early twentieth-century Galicia (now incorporated as parts of Poland and Ukraine) who endures two world wars and their aftereffects, the growth of communism, the division of Germany and later the fall of the Berlin Wall, and other major events of European history over the course of a century.   The main character’s death-defying personal traumas match those wrought by political changes, and as she endures, or dies and is given a second chance, she also becomes an “Everywoman” for the century.  The main character’s intimate life story, portrayed within the context of major historical events in various locations in Eastern Europe, makes the small details of a person’s life feel real at the same time that major political and sociological ideas are sweeping the continent.  Her setting becomes the world of Europe in miniature, a microcosm of the continent over the course of a century.

The country which was Galicia in 1914 has now been incorporated into Poland and the Ukraine. Its former territory is now bordered by the present countries of ( E – W) Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldava.

The novel opens with the death of an eight-month-old baby shortly after the beginning of the twentieth century and vividly recreates the personal devastation it brings to the child’s mother and the family surrounding her.   The baby’s Jewish grandmother, whose husband had been killed by a neighbor during a bloody pogrom by Poles against Galician Jews, had arranged for the baby’s mother, who survived, to marry a “goy,” enhancing her chances to live, she believed, but this daughter’s half-Jewish baby has just died anyway of unexplained causes.  As the mother must reorder her life following the baby’s death, her “goy” husband learns that if they had put snow on the baby’s chest, under its shirt, that it might have stimulated its breathing impulse and kept the baby alive.  Then “fate would have kept quiet, and this first moment when the child might have died would have passed without further ado,” and without changing the lives of everyone in the family.

Galician refugees from what is now the Ukraine, 1918. Double-click, then scroll to enlarge.

Book II takes place in 1919, after World War I, and what is left of the family has moved to Vienna, where 450,000 refugees like them from Galicia and 150,000 refugees from other places in Europe have congregated, hoping to find food. Instead they find themselves taking turns standing in lines all night in order to get a small piece of cow’s udder for “food.”  The main character, who is the subject of the opening quotation of this review,  “dies” here at the hands of a medical student who sees her and thinks that she is a whore who has rejected him.  The girl, shot, might have been a writer, and she has hidden some writing behind the wardrobe.

The medal of the Great Patriotic Order of Merit, given to Soviets who were especially deserving, was won by one of the characters here.

The first two “books” of the novel, tension-filled and dramatic, keep the focus on the relationships among time and chance and death, while each “Intermezzo” between the chapters offers suggestions regarding an alternative time frame which could have changed the course of lives. The smooth descriptive prose, trenchant dialogue (both real and imagined), and the occasional glimpses of hope as the author changes the outcomes of a death provide ample opportunity for the reader to reflect on the themes and enjoy the author’s creativity in conveying them without bogging down the narrative with an excess of philosophizing.  Book III takes a new direction, and the narrative style changes as description becomes subordinated to the tumult of political events.  Here, it is 1935, and the main character, a committed communist, has gone to Moscow, become involved in political intrigue, and walked the narrow path between the Trotskyites and the Stalinists.  Married, she watches as her husband goes off to war and later gets arrested. She herself is suspect regarding her ideas.  The horrors of Russian life and the threats of the gulag are front and center, with images which feel almost rat-a-tat-tat in the precise staccato of their presentation.  The main character is writing an apology for her life in an effort to save it and that of her husband, something which most readers who have studied this period will find familiar, and even the sections which look like poetry feel abrupt, constrictive.  The emphasis on the political and sociological, while important from the point of view of twentieth century history, supersedes that of the main character here, and some readers may find their attention to the narrative wandering in this section.

Throughout the novel, a collection of the works of Goethe becomes symbolic for the power of writing and its importance. This photo shows Vols. 12 - 18, including both volumes of Faust.

Book IV continues the story through the next generation represented by the son of the main character, who has many questions about his past.  Book V, one which will hit hard for anyone over sixty, depicts the life and thoughts of an elderly woman, Frau Hoffmann, age ninety and in a home for the aged, as she and her heirs separately relive her experiences through the possessions which she has left behind.  Erpenbeck deserves high praise for writing a novel about major ideas in a serious and literary way, never underestimating the reader and always providing new insights which expand our view of the past and increase our understanding of themes.  With the exception of Book III, which seems to lose its way, this is a first-class literary novel which deserves all its attention and praise.

Photos, in order: The authors’s photo, by Maarten ten Haaff, appears on http://nrcboeken.vorige.nrc.nl/

The map of Galicia in 1914, shows a country which has now been incorporated into Poland and the Ukraine.  Its former territory is now bordered by the present countries of ( E – W) Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldava. http://mobile.ztopics.com/

This 1918 photo of Galican refugees to Austria, and a story about them, appears on http://www.austrianphilately.com/

The Great Patriotic Order of Merit, won by one of the characters here, is shown on http://daliscar.deviantart.com

The 40-volume Collected Works of Goethe, a recurring motif here, represents the power of writing and its importance.  This photo shows Vols. 12 – 18, and the includes two volumes of Faust.  http://goaliesanxiety.blogspot.com/

ARC: Other Press

Note: William McIlvanney was WINNER of the 1977 Crime Writers Macallan Silver Dagger Award for Laidlaw in 1977 and for The Papers of Tony Veitch (1983), and WINNER of the Scottish Arts Council Award for Fiction for Strange Loyalties in 1992.

My life was one terrible mess.  Miguel de Unamuno had written something that applied to me, if I could think what it was.  I read quite a lot of philosophy in a slightly frenetic way, like a man looking for the hacksaw that must be hidden somewhere, before the executioner comes.  It was something about continuity.  Unamuno says something like: if a man loses his sense of his own continuity, he’s had it.  His bum’s out the window.”–Jack Laidlaw

Jack Laidlaw has never been one to hold back in his assessments, even in his assessments of himself and his problems, and in this third novel of William McIlvanney’s Laidlaw trilogy, published in 1991, after Laidlaw (1977) and The Papers of Tony Veitch (1983), main character Laidlaw faces himself, square-on.  A detective with the Glasgow police, he is divorced, alienated from his teenage children, at a crisis in his relationship with a new woman, and addicted to the possibilities of escape through alcohol.  When he learns that his troubled younger brother Scott, a teacher, has died in a pedestrian accident, his life “snuffed out on the random number plate of a car,” Laidlaw is about ready to “shut up shop on [his] beliefs and hand in [his] sense of morality at the desk.  The world [is] a bingo stall.”  Desperate to believe that Scott’s death must mean more than it seems to mean, Laidlaw also feels an inexplicable sense of guilt.  Requesting a week’s time off from the job, he decides to investigate Scott’s death in an effort to learn how it happened and discover if it was truly random.

Laidlaw, a thinker, philosopher, and reader, has always believed that the cases he investigates have their roots in institutional, fiscal, and political injustices, that they are more than “merely” legal offenses.  “It was the crime beyond the crime that had always fascinated [him], the sanctified network of legally entrenched social injustice towards which [a] crime feebly gestured” on virtually every case he has worked on.  Now, however, his “personal harpies” have come home to roost, “fouling [his] sense of his own worth,” and he is frantic, knowing he must resolve the issues of his brother’s death because it feels “unjust.”  Unless he can come to terms with the randomness of this death and his own sense of guilt and responsibility, if any, he will remain unable to deal with issues involving his own life and his own mortality.  “Where,” he wonders, “does an accident begin?” and “When did my brother’s life give up its purpose so that it could wander aimlessly for years till it walked into a car?”

The Rotunda, the yuppie restaurant where Laidlaw and Brian Harkness meet to discuss the future before Laidlaw  leaves for a week to investigate his brother’s death.

As he prepares to leave Glasgow for Ayrshire, where he grew up, to investigate Scott’s immediate past, Laidlaw’s young partner Brian Harkness meets him at the Rotunda Restaurant, in an ancient building recently restored, which has become a yuppie symbol of a regenerating city.  There Harkness tells him about a new case that he and another “polis” officer, Bob Liffey, will be working on while Laidlaw is gone:  a man’s body has been found just across the river from the Rotunda with a rope around its neck, one arm and all fingers broken.  The contrast between the “people eating and drinking in the high brightness while in the darkness across the water where the light didn’t reach, a dead man lay abandoned,” is symbolic for the cynical Laidlaw:  “Live high on the hog and don’t give a shit about other people.”  It is in that mood that he departs, determined to get some answers.

A horse show at Floors Castle, near where Scott’s former in-laws live and where Laidlaw indicates that “I’m sure my ancestors went on foot and had to fight the ones that sat on horses. And maybe in my heart I’m still fighting them.”

What follows is a story that, in its depth, bears more thematic resemblance to Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment than it does to other noir novels.  The main characters of both novels must to come to terms with the personal and ethical impact of their own behavior,  and both engage in intense self-analysis and second-guessing from the outset.  At the same time, however, Laidlaw also feels the obligations and sense of mission felt by  Dostoevsky’s police investigator, Porfiry Petrovich, making Strange Loyalties doubly intense for the reader since Laidlaw must assume two responsibilities – what he owes to himself and what he believes he owes to the public. Though Strange Loyalties is obviously written for a different audience in a different period (and one would not want to push the analogy too far), McIlvanney shares with Dostoevsky the same intensity and seriousness of purpose in his analysis of the themes and of the guilt associated with death.

Edinburgh New Town, where Anna, Scott’s ex-wife, has moved: “This was in its origins the most English place in Scotland, built between 1765 and 1850. Photo by Dave Morris, Oxford, UK (See Credits below.)

McIlvanney differs dramatically from Dostoevsky (and from most modern noir writers, for that matter) in his dark humor, however.  Without sacrificing his intellectual honesty and his well-earned literary credentials, McIlvanney writes from a breezy, irreverent, and often profane point of view, creating in Laidlaw a character whose flaws often get in the way of his personal success but whose sense of absurdity bubbles to the surface, no matter the circumstances.   Laidlaw describes himself as a “strange searcher for justice – the polluted avenger, knight of the rusted sword.”  Later, when he takes two pills for his hangover, he regards that as the equivalent of  “sending in two rookie policemen to quell a riot.”  He sees his father, a millworker,  as “a cave with flowers round the entrance.”  He tells one loathsome character that he resembles “a maintenance worker at Dachau or somewhere.  You might convert the showers to gas..but you wouldn’t actually kill anybody.”  As Laidlaw investigates the specifics of another death in his hometown in an effort to understand more about his brother’s death, however, he gradually broadens his conclusions about everyday life, often expressing these in wry aphorisms:  “The rectitude of the aged is often just the fancy clothes in which incapacity likes to dress up” and later, continuing that analogy, “Fame’s just borrowed clothes.”  His use of symbols deepens the characterizations and the themes.  Scott’s paintings, for example, have a number of symbols, especially that of the “man in the green coat,” the mystery of whom Laidlaw discovers and explains, and he later relates the legend of the boy and the fox in Sparta as a sad allegory of his brother’s life.

Drumchapel with its broken windows and burned out apartments: It is here that Laidlaw meets TV commentator Michael Preston, who is interviewing a young couple, and from whom he hears “the banality of hopelessness.”

As Laidlaw gets to know Scott in relation to the four friends from the past who have played a huge role in his life, he comes to know and trust himself, however damaged by life  he may be.   In one moving, but surreal, scene, he gives a petty criminal a new chance as the man’s mother lies dying, showing his ability to mold his values to the circumstances and not see morality simply as a set of fixed rules.  Despite the large number of characters and the complex interrelationships among them, the novel provides a perfect ending, tying up the details of the themes and the action at the same time that it suggests an appropriate coda:  “And the meek shall inherit the earth, but not this week.”  Memorable for its literary values, its creativity, and its intelligence, as much as for its themes and dramatic action,  the Laidlaw trilogy has achieved the status of a classic during the author’s own lifetime.

NOTE: A new, paperback edition of this book will be released by Europa Editions in April, 2015.

ALSO by William McIlvanney:  LAIDLAW and     THE PAPERS OF TONY VEITCH

Photos, in order: The author’s photo appears on http://harrogateinternationalfestivals.com

The Rotunda Restaurant, an old Glasgow building, now a yuppie restaurant, represents the regeneration of the city of Glasgow. http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/

Floors Castle horse show, near where Laidlaw’s former in-laws live:  “They’re where it was, and I don’t like the way it was.  It’s maybe a tribal memory.  I’m sure my ancestors went on foot and had to fight the ones that sat on horses.  And maybe in my heart I’m still fighting them.”  http://www.horseandcountry.tv/news

Edinburgh New Town, “the most English place in Scotland,” built between 1765 and 1850, the place to which Scott’s wife Anna has moved.  http://commons.wikimedia.org/ Photographer: [http://flickr.com/photos/davemorris/ Dave Morris] from Oxford, UK. Edinburgh, New Town, taken March 9, 2005 Original source:  [http://flickr.com/photos/davemorris/61\

Drumchapel, with its broken windows and burned out apartments is where Laidlaw meets Michael Preston, a TV commentator who is interviewing an impoverished young man and his wife, and from whom he hears “the banality of hopelessness.”  http://ukhousing.wikia.com/

STRANGE LOYALTIES
REVIEW. Literary, Mystery, Thriller, Noir, Psychological study, Scotland, Social and Political Issues
Written by: William McIlvanney
Published by: Europa Editions.
Date Published: 04/07/2015
Edition: Reprint.
ISBN: 978-1609452537
Available in: Ebook Paperback Hardcover

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